Intel has announced the industry’s first quad-core processors named Xeon,specifically designed for multi-processor (MP) servers. The energy efficient Xeon 7300 family delivers “more than twice the performance and more than three times the performance per watt over the company’s previous generation dual-core products.” They are available with frequencies up to 2.93GHz at 130 watts and 8MB of L2 cache. The 7300 series utilizes Virtualization Technology and offers up to four times the memory capacity of Intel’s previous MP platforms.
The 7300 series includes X7350 (2.93GHz, 8MB, 130W), L7345 (1.86GHz, 8MB, 50W), E7340 (2.40GHz, 8MB, 80W), E7330 (2.40GHz, 6MB, 80W), E7320 (2.13GHz, 4MB, 80W), and E7310 (1.6GHz, 4MB, 80W) processors. The price for 7300 series ranges from $856 to $2,301 in quantities of 1,000.
Product information
- 3.20 GHz core speed
- 8 processing threads with Intel® HT technology
- 8 MB of Intel® Smart Cache
- 3 Channels of DDR3 1066 MHz memory
The good: Fastest high-end desktop CPU; supporting motherboard supports both graphics card vendors’ multicard technologies.
The bad: Requires an expensive new motherboard; chipset needs three memory sticks for maximum efficiency.
The bottom line: Thanks to an expensive new motherboard requirement, Intel’s new Core i7 desktop processors will remain enthusiast and professional-level parts until more affordable complementary hardware comes out later next year. Speed never comes cheap, however, and if you’re willing to spend for it now, you’ll find yourself in possession of the fastest CPU on the market.
The Core i7 965 Extreme Edition runs at 3.20GHz and features a QPI (QuickPath Interface) throughput of 6.4GT/s, which is the key difference here. The mainstream versions of the processor include the Core i7 920 and 940, clocked at 2.66GHz and 2.93GHz, respectively. These more affordable processors feature a QPI throughput of just 4.8GT/s, so it will be interesting to discover what kind of impact this has on performance.
A serious advice has been provided by the world’s one of the famous processor manufacturers INTEL, that motherboard and RAM vendors about their new X58+Core i7 combo and to abide to a strict memory voltage limit of 1.65 volts limit. If the advice is not followed, they have warned that the CPU will get fried.
These all started when the photos of ASUS P6T Deluxe motherboard showing the severe warning of ” According to Intel CPU SPEC , DIMMs with voltage setting over 1.65V may damage the CPU permenantly. We recommend you install the DIMMs with the voltage setting below 1.65V” gets public. It was a a big sticker over the DIMM slot. ASUS has admitted that the story is true.
Since many memory vendors offer faster RAM kits that operate at higher voltage levels, this may arise as a big big problem. For eg: OCZ Reaper PC3-14400 operates at 1.9V, Mushkin’s XP Series uses 1.9-1.95V while Corsair’s Dominator high-end takes you all the way up to 2.1V. Some series like DDR3 JEDEC specs really have nothing to worry since they require only a 1.5V to operate.
However, Mushkin have already started to work on this problem. They will re-design their kit specifically to suit the X58/Core i7 combo and should be out sometime next month. But except Mushkin, all others have kept a dead silence about this problem.
Intel is not yet able to explain why the memory voltage would damage the CPU. This may appear to be a great threat to the integrated memory controller of the Nehalam. People importing the Core i7 should make sure that they get a compatible RAM kit or they will have to underclock it.
As you might expect, Advanced Micro Devices is keeping its chin up amid the ticktocking it’s taking from rival Intel in the server space. This week’s launch of the six-core “Dunnington” Xeon MP processors - which plug into four-socket and larger machines - made a lot of noise for Intel and its partners, but AMD wants you to be realistic about the prospects for processors in this part of the server space.
It also wants everyone to understand that the Dunnington Xeons aren’t out-gunning its quad-core “Barcelona” Opterons by all that much - if at all.
First, here’s a little server space DNA to keep in mind.
According to John Fruehe, manager of worldwide market development for AMD and a former Compaq and Hewlett-Packard marketeer, the basic distribution of x86 and x64 server sales, quarter to quarter and year to year, is like this: About 20 per cent of the machinery shipped is single-socket boxes, about 70 per cent is for two-socket boxes, and around 10 percent accounts for four-socket machines. That leaves just a tiny slice for eight-socket or larger x64 iron.
While the bigger boxes generate larger sales and lots of profits - which is why vendors even bother - big x64 iron is still a market that has yet to unseated RISC/Unix or proprietary iron. To be sure, AMD, Intel, and their respective partners have been trying to do this, but their efforts are often half-hearted since these same partners usually have a highly profitable non-x64 line to protect.
That server distribution has not changed all that much in the past decade or so, says Fruehe, but he does concede that the combination of virtualization and server consolidation is driving customers to buy bigger boxes than they might have only a few years ago.
This is true across all platforms, by the way. And mainframes and proprietary servers like IBM’s AS/400 and its successors have already undergone the virtualization crunch (and their revenue drops in the past decade are due in part to the widespread adoption of virtualization and the consolidation of footprints).
But none of this is meant to imply that AMD doesn’t like the four-socket server space. “While the eight-way server is not a volume market, and it is not growing dramatically, the four-socket server is still a real stronghold for us,” says Fruehe. One of the reasons, he says, is that the HyperTransport interconnect and the integrated memory controllers of the Opteron architecture gives AMD a performance advantage, clock for clock and core for core, compared to Xeons.
Intel’s front side bus architecture just doesn’t scale as well - and this matters on bigger boxes. That’s why the future “Nehalem” Xeons and “Tukwila” Itaniums will use the QuickPath Interconnect, Intel’s riff on the Opteron interconnect, including on-chip memory controllers.
To make up for the shortcomings in the 1.07GHz front side buses of the Dunnington Xeons, Intel has used the 45 nanometer process to squeeze up to 16MB of L3 cache on the chip. This cache helps mask I/O bottlenecks, and so do the three 2MB L2 caches that are shared by core pairs on the chip. But even with that, Fruehe is not impressed.
“Intel added 50 per cent more cores and got what looks like a 31 per cent more performance on virtualization,” he says. Of course, the average workload is seeing around 35 per cent more work being done, which is better than the virtualization benchmarks show, and databases are seeing as much as a 50 per cent boost according to Intel’s test.
What AMD intends to focus on to sell Barcelonas against Dunningtons is heat. The “Tigerton” quad-core Xeon MP predecessor to Dunnington was implemented in 65 nanometer processes, and Intel could ship standard parts at an 80 watt thermal design point (TDP). Dunnington, using a 45 nanometer process that implies a cooler chip, actually has a 90 watt TDP because of all that extra cache and the extra two cores. The top-end six-core Dunnington chip, which runs at 2.66 GHz, is still a 130-watt part, just like the fastest Tigerton.
“The majority of the world looks at the top bin parts and tells vendors that these are great for benchmarks, but these are not the chips that most people buy,” says Fruehe. As you might expect, these expensive parts run a bit faster, but a whole lot hotter. The standard parts are where AMD and Intel are competing for most sales.
What Intel does have and what AMD has not been able to get since the advent of the Opteron line is big iron based on its x64 chips. IBM, NEC, and Unisys have 16-socket Xeon boxes that could use Tigerton and now Dunnington chips, while the biggest commercial Opteron boxes are the eight-socket DL785 from Hewlett-Packard and X4600 from Sun Microsystems. Motherboard makers Tyan and Super Micro also sell eight-way machines and boards to OEMs.
AMD is also planning to remind customers that the Dunnington machines use Fully Buffered DIMMs, which consume 10 to 11 watts per memory stick, compared to the DDR2 main memory used with Opterons, which consume 4 to 5 watts per stick of the same capacity. All this heat adds up inside a big box.
While the current Barcelona Opterons, which top out at 2.3GHz, have to fend off the Dunningtons at the high-end and the Harpertown Xeons in the two-socket space, help is on the way. Fruehe reiterated that the “Shanghai” 45 nanometer shrink of the Barcelona chips are expected in two-socket (2000 series) and four-socket and larger (8000 series) servers in the fourth quarter of this year.
AMD will not only ship these Shanghai chips for revenue, but AMD’s partners will have boxes in the field before the end of the year. The Shanghai Opterons will have 6MB of L3 cache (triple that in the Barcelonas), higher clock speeds, and various tweaks in the instruction stream that will deliver somewhere between 15 and 30 per cent more performance for Opteron customers.
Given Apple’s super-secretive ways, it’s quite a shock to find a company engineer disclosing something about the iPhone’s future innards on a public social networking site.
Wei-han Lien, the senior manager of Apple’s chip team, dished out the morsel on LinkedIn, saying he’s busy at work crafting an ARM processor for the next-generation iPhone.
While it’s a minor revelation, Lien’s statement would confirm what many have expected ever since Apple acquired chip start-up PA Semiconductor in April for close to $300 million.
PA Semi had assembled an all-star cast of chip engineers, including Lien, and Apple confirmed that it bought the company for that talent. In an interview John Markoff, Apple chief executive Steve Jobs went one step further, saying the PA Semi team would work on designing brand-new processors for future iPhones and iPods. The only question was which kind of processors.
The current iPhone includes ARM processors, which are very common in the mobile device industry. ARM Holdings is a British firm that licenses out its processor designs to other companies, who tweak the chips to suit their needs. While Apple refuses to confirm it, the company uses ARM processors made by Samsung in the iPhone, according to numerous analysts.
By developing its own ARM variant, Apple could create a processor that meets the specific needs of the iPhone and iPod, building support for functions such as the touch screen or scroll wheel into silicon and possibly savings on costs by reducing the number of processors needed in each device. In addition, Apple’ will be able to maintain tighter controls on who knows what about its future products by disposing of an outside chip supplier.
“They could put software accelerators on there or maybe do something like a graphics engine,” said Fred Weber, the former chief technology officer of Advanced Micro Devices and current chief executive of memory specialist Metaram.
Such a move, however, comes with challenges.
“You are taking on that internal risk of making sure this design goes well,” said chip analyst Linley Gwennap of the Linley Group. “Even with a good team, there’s always a risk that things will be late and delay the release of something like a new iPhone. By outsourcing that part, you have the opportunity of going to another company if the first cannot deliver what you need.”
The construction of a bespoke mobile chip sees Apple returning to its historical roots. For years, Apple relied on more specialized processors from I.B.M. and Motorola rather than using the more common Intel processors adopted by the major computer makers. It eventually abandoned that strategy in 2005 and moved over to Intel chips, leaving Apple’s software as the only major difference between its machines and rivals’.
The engineers at PA Semi specialized in crafting processors with strong performance and very low power consumption. Before shifting to Intel chips, Apple flirted with the idea of placing the PA Semi processors, which were similar in architecture to the I.B.M. and Motorola chips, into its laptops and desktops. PA Semi officials were, in fact, shocked when they learned in the press of Apple’s decision to go with Intel. Apple’s choice crippled PA Semi’s business overnight and forced it to go after new markets such as networking and storage gear.
While hunting for new customers, PA Semi also managed to attract the attention of military equipment suppliers who were intrigued by the low-power qualities of PA Semi’s chips. (They consume less than 20 watts apiece.)
People familiar with the Defense Department’s intentions say that PA Semi chips are set to go into missiles, computers in fighter jets and surveillance equipment.
“By all accounts, the PA Semi chip is meritorious,” said Will Strauss, an analyst with Forward Concepts. “There really was nothing else quite like it.”
When Apple bought PA Semi, it had no intention of morphing into a military supplier. The Defense Department, however, received push-back from suppliers who had already committed to long-term designs based on the microprocessor. These equipment makers urged the Pentagon to pressure Apple into continuing to supply PA Semi’s chips for several years, according to people familiar with the negotiations, who declined to comment on the record because of Pentagon restrictions. Apple eventually caved.
“We are extremely confident and pleased with the direction of PA Semi’s silicon availability,” said Bret Farnum, a vice president at Extreme Engineering Solutions, which makes specialized computing systems, some of which go to military suppliers. “We have many customers that are going to continue to deploy it for the next four to five years.”
Apple declined to comment on matters related to PA Semi, which it operates as a subsidiary.
It’s unclear how many of the PA Semi processors will make their way into military systems. Some people I interviewed suggested that Apple could well sell enough of the chips over the next five years to cover the cost of the PA Semi acquisition. Others, however, said that the intense military interest in the processor that arose following the announcement of the acquisition came as a shock, since they were previously unaware of any military deals significant enough to keep PA Semi, which was running out of money, afloat.
“If there was that much business sitting there when Apple tried to buy them, they would have turned down the offer,” said Mr. Gwenapp.
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